Enhancing Ninth Grade Students Understanding of Human Circulatory System Concepts Through Conceptual Change Approach

Table 2: Students' Misconceptions Concerning the Human Circulatory System

1	Fat is not found in plasma.
2	Vitamins are not found in plasma.
3	Uric is not found in plasma.
4	All plasma proteins are used to meet cells' amino acid needs.
5	All plasma proteins help material transport across capillaries.
6	All plasma proteins catalyze reactions in blood.
7	The shape of red blood cells allows them to hold more hemoglobin.
8	The shape of red blood cells allows them to be in close contact with body cells.
9	The shape of red blood cells allows them to pass through capillary walls more easily.
10	The thick and elastic wall of arteries helps maintain high blood pressure.
11	The thick and elastic wall of arteries helps prevent heat loss.
12	The thick and elastic wall of arteries pumps blood under high pressure.
13	When blood pressure in the capillaries increases above normal level, tissues gets fewer nutrients.
14	When blood pressure in the capillaries increases above normal level, carbon dioxide accumulates in cells.
15	When blood pressure in the capillaries increases above normal level, the amount of oxygen diffusing out of capillaries increases.
16	Heart beat is reflex.
17	The brain sends stimulus to the senatorial node to initiate heart contraction.
18	Heart beat occurs when we breathe.
19	Ventricular filling occurs mostly during atrial contraction.
20	Ventricular filling occurs mostly during ventricular ejection.
21	Ventricular filling occurs mostly during contraction of atrioventricular valves.
22	Veins have the lowest blood pressure compared to other blood vessels because veins have the thinnest walls.
23	Veins have the lowest blood pressure compared to other blood vessels because gravity interferes with blood flow.
24	Veins have the lowest blood pressure compared to other blood vessels because blood velocity is the lowest in the veins.
25	Low blood velocity in capillary is due to their small diameter.
26	Low blood velocity in capillary is due to material exchange through capillaries.
27	Low blood velocity in capillary is due to their long distance from the heart.
28	In the systemic circulation, percent of blood volume in the arteries, and capillaries, and veins is equal.
29	In the systemic circulation, percent of blood volume in the arteries and capillaries is equal, which is greater than that of veins.
30	In systemic circulation, the percent of blood volume in the arteries is the highest, while the blood volume in the veins is the lowest.
31	Contraction of heart is one of the factors that help blood return to the heart.
32	Pressure created by the valves in the veins is one of the factors that help blood return to the heart.
33	Cohesion between blood and blood vessels is one of factors that help blood return to the heart.
34	Blood from the left and right halves of the heart goes to all parts of the body.
35	Blood from one side of the heart goes to the right side of the body. Blood from the other side goes to the left side of the body.
36	Blood goes into the heart on one side. Blood leaves the other side and goes to all pans of the body.
37	When blood reaches the cells, it stays inside blood tubes that go to and from the cells.
38	When blood reaches the cells, it leaves the tubes and bathes the cells.
39	When blood reaches the cells, some of it stays inside blood tubes and some leaves the blood tubes and bathes the cells.
40	When environmental temperature increases, skin tacks a red appearance because the velocity of the blood increases.
41	When environmental temperature increases, skin tacks a red appearance because the diameter of the capillaries increases.
42	When environmental temperature increases, skin tacks a red appearance because blood pressure increases.

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